Surveying, defined surveying can be defined as 1 the science and art of making all essential measurements in space. Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or crossstaff and their foot of offsets are g, i, j, h respectively. Early twolane roads were laid out with a chain, resulting in a 66ft. Although i performed chain surveying in college nearly 50 years ago and very little since, ill tell you what i remember of the process. It brings together expert coverage of surveying principles, remote sensing and other new advances in technological instrumentation, and modern applications for everything from mapping to engineering. Teacher notes and instructions for chain surveying activity. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines. The surveyors chain of 100 links is identified with edmund gunter, who introduced such a chain in 1620, although chains divided decimally had existed earlier. What are the obstacles in chain survey and methods to correct.
Metric chains steel band or band chain gunters chain or surveyors chain engineers chain revenue chain metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Compass surveying principles use of prismatic compass, measurement of. In chain surveying the sides of the triangles which should be well conditioned. Apr 06, 2017 a chain is used as a unit of measure, equaling 22 yards 66 feet, which was the length of gunters chain. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their selection. The chain consists of many small parts used for handling or reading the measurements. The area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles. In the chain surveying, you have studied the basics of chain surveying. Various units of length used for surveying in the englishspeaking world, all consisting of 100 links. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering projects. Any discussion of ohio lands must start with a brief history, so here we go.
This is suitable for the survey of small areas with simple details and an area that is fairly flat. Throughout the construction period a surveyor assists the work as necessary. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. Principles of chain surveying or linear surveying civil. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. In chain survey, the area to be surveyed is divided into a framework consisting of triangles.
Based on this, the principle of chain surveying is to divide the area to be surveyed into a network of connected triangles. The attached practice worksheet below and here is reproduced from a 1982 level 2 site surveying and levelling text book by h rawlinson to whom all acknowledgements are given. To work from the whole to the part to locate a new station by at least two measurements linear or angular from fixed reference points. Calibrate chain to read accurately when held tensioned, train chain men to always read chain from a. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. Ground fairly level and open with simple details 2.
Unless chain is laid over perfectly flat surface is must be held above surface by chainmen, it is impossible to apply enough tension to chain to prevent chain from sagging resulting in length measured being shorter than actual length of chain. Angular measurements refer to the magnetic bearing or horizontal angle taken by a prismatic compass or theodolite. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are predetermined either with a chain or a surveying tape. It is a fundamental rule to always work from the whole to the part. Chain surveying is suitable for the following cases. Geodetic surveyingplane surveying does not take into account the curvature ofthe earths surface, and the surface of the earth is treated as aplane surface. In the 1600s, the english crown believed it owned all of north america by right of either discovery or conquest. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil engineering. Surveying, types of obstacles in chain surveying, civil. Principles of chain surveying chain surveying procedure.
Following are the various types of chain in common use. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes. A chain is used as a unit of measure, equaling 22 yards 66 feet, which was the length of gunters chain. According to the first principle, the whole area is first enclosed by main stations i. While the old chainage method is antiquated, surveyors such as votex surveying company still use chainage as part of construction surveys today. In chain surveying, the sides of the triangles are measured directly on the field by chain or tape, and no angular measurements are taken. A traverse is a framework of survey lines obtained by connecting a series of survey lines in which the length and direction of survey lines are measured with the help of tape and angle measuring instrument. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and. This activity requires a minimum of four children in the active roles but works with groups of eight to. This implies a precise control surveying as the first consideration followed by subsidiary detail surveying. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Chain surveying is a type of survey in which the surveyor takes measurements in the field and then completes plot calculations and other processes in the office.
The chain was a precision part of a surveyors equipment and, as such, had to be calibrated and adjusted frequently, yet. Principles of chain survey a triangle is a simple figure which can be plotted from the lengths of three sides even if the angles are not known. Ranging rods are used to range some intermediate points in the survey line the length of the ranging rod is either 2m or 3m. Plotting chain surveys independent learners may wish to practice plotting chain or linear surveys. If the area to be surveyed is more than km2, the anglesmeasured on the surface of the earth can not be in a planesurface, but are in a curved.
According to levy and lemeshow 1999, survey design involves two steps. For most engineering projects such as canal, railway, highway, building, pipeline, etc constructions, this type of surveying is. Chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. The rectangle is the simplest fig that can be plotted from the lengths of its sided. Conclusion in conclusion, there are so many important uses for land surveying, and most of us depend on. Field work in chain survey surveying in civil engineering. Oct 30, 2011 chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling. Enrol today in our site and get access to our study package comprising of video lectures, study material, practice questions and test. Chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling. Surveyors chain definition, see under chain def 8a. Chain surveying is the basic and oldest type of surveying. Angles of triangles must not be less than 30 degree and greater than 120 degree. The principle involved in chain survey is of triangulation.
The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and some time cross staff. Chain surveying the arrangement of triangles to be adopted in the field depends on the shape, topography and the natural or artificial obstacles met with. Chain surveying is actually done with a 100 steel tape that has a temperature correction at the zero end of the tape. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or crossstaff and their foot of offsets are g, i. For small areas less than 250 km2 plane surveying can safely be used. Chain surveys require a chain, tape, ranging rods, arrows and a timecross staff. Full text of the principles of surveying internet archive. Line up these sometimes it helps to have one of the assistants maintain one alignment while the surveyor does the other.
Chain surveying and linear measurements surveying youtube. At the ends chain is provided with brass handle with swivel joint so that it can be easy to roll or unroll the chain without twisting and knots. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying. To surveyors and collectors alike, the link chain symbolizes a rugged era, when surveying tools and techniques were literally defining america. The distortion due to errors in measurement and plotting should be minimum. As expected, the construction surveyor conducts a construction survey which plays an important part of the whole construction project. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. Jun 24, 20 although i performed chain surveying in college nearly 50 years ago and very little since, ill tell you what i remember of the process. Oct 09, 2010 unless chain is laid over perfectly flat surface is must be held above surface by chain men, it is impossible to apply enough tension to chain to prevent chain from sagging resulting in length measured being shorter than actual length of chain. Gunters chain also known as gunters measurement is a distance measuring device used for surveying.
Principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling. In this method the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets and ties from these lines. It contains 67 multiplechoice questions in the 4hour morning session, and 33 multiplechoice questions in the 2hour afternoon session. It is the method of land surveying in which only linear measurements are made. Chain surveying is considered to be the simplest method of. Chain is most recommended for initial survey process.
Effective beginning with the october 2005 examinations the exam is a 6hour openbook exam. Chain surveying is not suitable for large areas having many details. A pointed weight on the end of a string called a plumb bob is used to carry the location of the point on the ground up to the elevated chain by simply suspending the plumb bob from the chain such that the point of the plumb bob. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles which should be well conditioned. Chain surveying part1 measurement of distances chain. Hence chain surveying is some times called chain triangulation. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of. Chain surveying is the branch of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Pdf key points on chain surveying araen shinge academia.
Enrol today in our site and get access to our study package comprising of video lectures, study material, practice questions and. Chain surveying is best used for smaller planes with few details. The surveying assistants then measure from the end of the baseline chain to the point. Surveying lecture notes pdf difference between dumpy level and auto level. A pointed weight on the end of a string called a plumb bob is used to carry the location of the point on the ground up to the elevated chain by simply suspending the plumb bob from the chain such that the point of the plumb bob hangs directly above the point on the ground. Traverse, procedures of chain surveying, assignment help.
Chain surveying requires chain, tape and ranging rods. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering. Types of measuring chains and tapes in civil surveying. Mar, 2018 chain surveying with all equipment chain,arrow,pegs,ranging rod,offset rod duration. Chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. It measured one chain by one furlong totaling 10 square chains.
In chain surveying, various equipment and instruments are used for measuring distances prc, what is the bleeding of concrete. Chain surveying is the simplest form of survey in which surveying area is segregated into a number of triangles and the sides of different triangles are calculated directly in the field through a chain or a tape and no angular measurements are chosen. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. Chain used for surveying 20m chain 100 links 30m chain 150 links 1 links 20cm links of chain are made by mild steel wire 4mm diameter. Calibrate chain to read accurately when held tensioned, train chainmen to always read chain from a. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by english clergyman and mathematician edmund gunter 15811626. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a n umber of small triangles which should be well conditioned. Touhid ahamed faculty iubat chain surveying definition chain survey is the simplest type of survey in which the area to be surveyed is divided into a. Surveying surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them and. It is the exercise of physically measuring horizontal distances. Chain surveying most accurate method for making direct measurements a chain is formed of straight links of galvanized wires mild steel bent into rings at the ends and joined each other by three small circular or oval wire rings. Chain surveying method in civil engineering, how to perform.
In this case ad is the longest and a chain line running from a to d is laid. Once the point on the baseline chain is found it should be marked with a chain peg. Surveying surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them and preparing a map to any suitable scale. Triangulation today is used for many purposes, including surveying, navigation, metrology, astrometry, binocular vision, model rocketry and gun direction of weapons in the field, triangulation methods were apparently not used by the roman specialist land surveyors, the agromensores. Categories surveying tags arrows, arrows used in chain surveying, chain, chain survey, chain surveying, field work in chain survey, guide to chain surveying, guide to surveying and levelling, instruments used in chain survey, iron pegs, marking stations, ranging rods, reconnaissance survey, surveying in civil engineering, tape, wooden pegs in.
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